The end of the Civil Was and the Reconstruction gave way to imperialism. America was ripe at home, and felt it was time to expand its new territiories. Since the U.S. had already expanded westward, it was time to conquer overseas. Yet while doing so, important reform movements were takeing place at hime. A middles class thrived in advocating for democracy to be expressed in every aspect of American economy, politics, and society. The three persidents during the Progressive Era, Roosevelt, Taft, and Woodrow Wilson claimed to support progressive reform. However, Roosevelt did the best job due to his genuine feelins regarding trusts, conservation, and consumer protection.
President Roosevelt was against monopolies. With his anti-trust mentality, he did not allow Northern Securites to merge together. Although Taft "busted" ninety trusts, Roosevelf did more to enhance the power of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. This Elkins Act of 1903 regulated railroad rates and prohibited secret rebates. The Hepburn Act fixed rates for railroads. In doing so, Roosevelt helped control the manipulatorypowers of the prime method of transportation at the moment, railroads.
Although the other presidents of the Progressive Era helped continue Roosevelt's legacy with regards to big businesses, they failed to continue advocating for conservation policies. Roosevelt, who initiates such policies, felt passionate about the subject. In order to perserve the environment, he establised the Newlands Reclamation Act Bill which set aside 150 million acres for forests reserve. Roosevelt also establised the Conservation Congress and appointed a conservationist, Pinchot as head of the Division of Forestry. Essentially, Roosevelt wanted a balance between the environment and America's grown capitalistic needs that exploited it.
Trust-bustying and conservation were not the only things on Roosevelt's agenda. The ame man who carried a big stick wanted fair treatment for laborers and the public. He called all these ideals collectively the Square Deal. The Pure Food and Drug Act show's Roosevelt's concern for consumer protection. It is evident that his sucessor, Taft was not as concerned about consumers when he sided with the Payne Aldrich Tariff to allow such an outrageous Tariff. Wilson did a better job protaction consumers with his significant reduction of Tariffs in the Lindenwood Tariff.
In addition to trust-busting, protection the environment, and advocation for consumers, Roosevelt also cared for American bancking. The Panic of 1907 revealed the flawed currency system. Roosevelt created a national monetary commission to make recommendations regarding the American banking system.
Roosevelt was the pioneering president for the Progressive Era. He let his anti-trust feelings guide him towards molding a more consumer-friendly economy. Aside from trust-busting, his sucessor, Taft failed to follow through with his legacy. The following president, Wilson sided more with big businesses. President Roosevelts's Square Deal had the best policies. Evidence of that, such as Forest Preserves, show his policies still live on today.
Sunday, February 3, 2008
Sunday, January 20, 2008
To what extent is this statement correct: The primary factor in the United States adopting a policy of imperialism was economic.
Prior to America's expansion into the rest of the world, it was quite focused on domestic issues. However, with the Civil War being long over, and postwar politics settled, America was ready for expansion into foreign soil. There were several justifications for imperialism. However, they were mainly triggered towards the economic success of the United States. Also, several events helped speed up the process of acquiring the territory. Yet, although Alfred T. Mahan, religion, and Darwinism all called for imperialism, the United States was mainly driven by possible economical gains as seen in the acquisition of Cuba, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico as well as with the Insular Cases and Platt Amendments that flaunted American power.
Hawaii had long been populated by White Americans prior to its annexation in 1898. Yet, when the McKinley Tariff was imposed, Americans were forced to pay a tax on Hawaiian sugar. Thus, harming planter profits. This tariff had the planters calling for annexation. Although, Queen Liliuokalani tried to block their ambition, she was eventually taken out of power before the United States took over completely.
Around the same time as the struggle for Hawaii, Americans claimed to be sympathizing with Cubans and their suffering in reconcentration camps. With the aid of the yellow press, America was able to furnish a war to fight for Cuban liberty. The Teller Amendment, which promised Cuba freedom upon victory over Spain, helped the American public believe the war was being fought strictly to help the poor Cubans. Yet, it is easy to see that having a foothold on our conveniently nearby neighbor Cuba would tremendously aid the American navy.
Upon the end of the Spanish-American war, the United States also gained control over the Philippines as well as Puerto Rico for a bargain of 20 million dollars. Aside from personal desires, the United States had no reason, other than economical gains for taking over this territory. The citizens of these territories saw no real benefit from the United States taking over.
The Insular Cases serve as evidence that the new American territories acquired nothing from being taken over by Americans. The Insular Cases denied these people rights that American citizens enjoyed. In other words, they established that the constitution does not follow the flag. The United States expanded in order to expand its economical power. Although they claimed to have fought the Spanish-American war in order to free the Cubans, the Platt Amendment basically made Cuba an American puppet. With this amendment, Americans had control over Cuba, and gave themselves the power to use Cuban territory for naval stations.
The dawn of imperialism was justified by religion and Darwinism. However, the continuation of it was driven by the desire for economical gains. Indeed, the United States profited from these territorial gains. Eventually, imperialism helped establish the United States as a world power.
Hawaii had long been populated by White Americans prior to its annexation in 1898. Yet, when the McKinley Tariff was imposed, Americans were forced to pay a tax on Hawaiian sugar. Thus, harming planter profits. This tariff had the planters calling for annexation. Although, Queen Liliuokalani tried to block their ambition, she was eventually taken out of power before the United States took over completely.
Around the same time as the struggle for Hawaii, Americans claimed to be sympathizing with Cubans and their suffering in reconcentration camps. With the aid of the yellow press, America was able to furnish a war to fight for Cuban liberty. The Teller Amendment, which promised Cuba freedom upon victory over Spain, helped the American public believe the war was being fought strictly to help the poor Cubans. Yet, it is easy to see that having a foothold on our conveniently nearby neighbor Cuba would tremendously aid the American navy.
Upon the end of the Spanish-American war, the United States also gained control over the Philippines as well as Puerto Rico for a bargain of 20 million dollars. Aside from personal desires, the United States had no reason, other than economical gains for taking over this territory. The citizens of these territories saw no real benefit from the United States taking over.
The Insular Cases serve as evidence that the new American territories acquired nothing from being taken over by Americans. The Insular Cases denied these people rights that American citizens enjoyed. In other words, they established that the constitution does not follow the flag. The United States expanded in order to expand its economical power. Although they claimed to have fought the Spanish-American war in order to free the Cubans, the Platt Amendment basically made Cuba an American puppet. With this amendment, Americans had control over Cuba, and gave themselves the power to use Cuban territory for naval stations.
The dawn of imperialism was justified by religion and Darwinism. However, the continuation of it was driven by the desire for economical gains. Indeed, the United States profited from these territorial gains. Eventually, imperialism helped establish the United States as a world power.
Friday, January 4, 2008
How effective was the Populist Party?
The Industrial Era was a time for cities to shine. Due to the population boost, there were more people in the cites than in rural areas. However, urbanization came with a price: poverty, congestion, and pollution among other things. At a time when urban areas began to dominate, the Populist party rose to advocate for rural areas. Although they were eventually defeated by the Republican party and William McKinley, they left a legacy of hope. They were effective due to their fighting issues becoming a reality in the future, their unique definition of government, and their advocating for food producers.
The Populist movement seemed quite revolutionary due to some extraordinary idea. They sought to fight big businesses that controlled the marketplace. In other words, the Populist Party attached monopoly capitalism. They also publicly voiced their opinion against laissez-faire.
The Populist Party should be admired for to their strive to survive. Upon the election of 1896, they fused with the Democrats to nominate William Jennings Byran as their presidential candidate. However, this plan failed because they were defeated by the Republican candidate, William McKinley. The Populist party ceased to exist as the end of the nineteenth century was approaching.
Although the Populist party diminished, many of their ideas were shared with the Democrats and Republicans. Also, their plans were carried through early in the twentieth century. For example, the direct election of senators became a reality. Finally, the graduated income tax was also established.
Populist plans were carried through soon after their disappearance. Yet, they also lead to a new way of viewing politics. They believed the government should be redefined, not overturned. This is evident in their attempt to form a political alliance between the two racial groups: blacks and whites. They fought for the opportunities of all citizens, regardless o racial background and skin color.
The final legacy the Populist party left behind was respect for the agrarian society. At the time, yeoman farmers were losing respect and consideration due to oppression from growing urban areas as well as large agribusinesses. However, the Populist party focused on agrarian issues. They provided America with an outlet and opportunity to sympathize with the nation's food producers.
The Populist party's wide survey of ideas served to form politics. Although they were defeated by the Republicans, Populist values carried through long after the party itself ceased to exist. Rights they fought for became a reality in the twentieth century, and provided for rights regardless of skin color.
The Populist movement seemed quite revolutionary due to some extraordinary idea. They sought to fight big businesses that controlled the marketplace. In other words, the Populist Party attached monopoly capitalism. They also publicly voiced their opinion against laissez-faire.
The Populist Party should be admired for to their strive to survive. Upon the election of 1896, they fused with the Democrats to nominate William Jennings Byran as their presidential candidate. However, this plan failed because they were defeated by the Republican candidate, William McKinley. The Populist party ceased to exist as the end of the nineteenth century was approaching.
Although the Populist party diminished, many of their ideas were shared with the Democrats and Republicans. Also, their plans were carried through early in the twentieth century. For example, the direct election of senators became a reality. Finally, the graduated income tax was also established.
Populist plans were carried through soon after their disappearance. Yet, they also lead to a new way of viewing politics. They believed the government should be redefined, not overturned. This is evident in their attempt to form a political alliance between the two racial groups: blacks and whites. They fought for the opportunities of all citizens, regardless o racial background and skin color.
The final legacy the Populist party left behind was respect for the agrarian society. At the time, yeoman farmers were losing respect and consideration due to oppression from growing urban areas as well as large agribusinesses. However, the Populist party focused on agrarian issues. They provided America with an outlet and opportunity to sympathize with the nation's food producers.
The Populist party's wide survey of ideas served to form politics. Although they were defeated by the Republicans, Populist values carried through long after the party itself ceased to exist. Rights they fought for became a reality in the twentieth century, and provided for rights regardless of skin color.
Friday, December 28, 2007
How successfull was the trade union movement in the post-Civil War Era?
The Civil War indicated a turning point for the United States. In addition to triggering reformation, it would eventually lead to the rise and development of industrialism in America. However, with industrialism came great issues within the workforce including gender and racial equality as well as wage issues. In an attempt to address these problems, labor unions arose. However, they were quite in unsuccessful. This is evident in their failure to achieve their economic goals, and to truly make strikes count.
Perhaps the only success of the trade union movement was the organization of workers. The American Federation of Labor was open only to skilled workers, whereas the Industrial Workers of the World were for those with radical ideas. The greats successes in organization were those of the National Labor Union, which was the first in admitting both skilled and unskilled workers. The Knights of Labor also succeeded in this field, for it consisted of nearly 750,000 members.
With a great deal of individuals, these trade unions were expected to thrive. And in some cases, they did. The National Labor Union manage to reduce the daily workday by two hours. That is when an eight-hour workday became the norm.
Trade union failures clearly outweigh their successes. Their failure to increase wages was shown at the eve of several strikes. The Railroad Strike of 1877 was an attempt to rebel against lowering wages of the Baltimore and Ohio company. They strikers were quickly suppressed by the US Army upon President Hayes's command. The Homestead Strike of 1892 and the Pullman Strike of 1894 were also protests against wage cuts. They too, were unsuccessful upon the involvement of federal powers.
Wage cuts, however, were only one of the reasons trade unions went on strike. The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 protested poor treatment of workers. This strike only gave labor unions a bad name, for they were blamed for the bombing and killing of police officers.
Trade unions were successful at getting together and organizing strikes. They even shaved two hours of the normal workday. However, little progress was made with regards to gender and racial equality and wage issues.
Perhaps the only success of the trade union movement was the organization of workers. The American Federation of Labor was open only to skilled workers, whereas the Industrial Workers of the World were for those with radical ideas. The greats successes in organization were those of the National Labor Union, which was the first in admitting both skilled and unskilled workers. The Knights of Labor also succeeded in this field, for it consisted of nearly 750,000 members.
With a great deal of individuals, these trade unions were expected to thrive. And in some cases, they did. The National Labor Union manage to reduce the daily workday by two hours. That is when an eight-hour workday became the norm.
Trade union failures clearly outweigh their successes. Their failure to increase wages was shown at the eve of several strikes. The Railroad Strike of 1877 was an attempt to rebel against lowering wages of the Baltimore and Ohio company. They strikers were quickly suppressed by the US Army upon President Hayes's command. The Homestead Strike of 1892 and the Pullman Strike of 1894 were also protests against wage cuts. They too, were unsuccessful upon the involvement of federal powers.
Wage cuts, however, were only one of the reasons trade unions went on strike. The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 protested poor treatment of workers. This strike only gave labor unions a bad name, for they were blamed for the bombing and killing of police officers.
Trade unions were successful at getting together and organizing strikes. They even shaved two hours of the normal workday. However, little progress was made with regards to gender and racial equality and wage issues.
Sunday, December 16, 2007
Analyze the differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans: Lincoln's, Johnson's, and the radical Republicans'
America fought for freedom a century prior to the American Civil War. Ideas of unity and feelings of harmony filled the atmosphere upon America's acquisition of freedom. However, within the next century, the nation would suffer a huge divide. With an attempt to impose their ideas on each other, the two divisions would enter a war. Eventually, it was this war that would convert the South. However, different people had different thoughts on how this should be done. The three major Reconstruction plans were those of Lincoln, Johnson, and the radical Republicans. The radical Republicans had the best methods and ideas for reconstructing the South.
Lincoln believed in exercising his power of pardon. He claimed that the South had never left the Union. In other words, he emphasized that the Southern political leadership rather than the Southern people had seceded. He acted "with a miracle toward none and charity for all." Lincoln's plan provided for a quick readmission process.
Much like that of Lincoln, Johnson's plan called for a quick readmission process. His 10% plan was mild, lenient, and involved no major punishments. His plan accepted the Thirteenth Amendment, as well as implemented Lincoln's plan. However, Johnson pardoned all who asked.
Johnson's plan was in a political struggle for that of the radical Republicans. This plan was harsher, more vengeful, and more punitive. It was based on Congressional power to admit new states, and called for more civil rights. The radical Republicans' plan included the 50% plan which consisted of dividing the South into five military districts. Also, troops would remain in the South in order to keep order when it came to accepting not enforcing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Although all three plans called for an efficient way to integrate Southern culture into the Union, the radical Republicans' plan seemed more efficient and with better methods. The use of more severe punishment would help emphasize federal power. Also, they had good reasoning. They wanted to promote civil rights and provide the South with economic aid in order to keep blacks in the South. This way, competition for Northern labor jobs would be avoided. Finally, this would also provide for the expansion of a Republican Party in the South.
The Reconstruction would shape that nation in a way that would carry through for many years. Therefore, the implementation of a carefully and well thought-out plan was crucial. Lincoln, Johnson, and the radical Republicans all had their input on the nation's future.
Lincoln believed in exercising his power of pardon. He claimed that the South had never left the Union. In other words, he emphasized that the Southern political leadership rather than the Southern people had seceded. He acted "with a miracle toward none and charity for all." Lincoln's plan provided for a quick readmission process.
Much like that of Lincoln, Johnson's plan called for a quick readmission process. His 10% plan was mild, lenient, and involved no major punishments. His plan accepted the Thirteenth Amendment, as well as implemented Lincoln's plan. However, Johnson pardoned all who asked.
Johnson's plan was in a political struggle for that of the radical Republicans. This plan was harsher, more vengeful, and more punitive. It was based on Congressional power to admit new states, and called for more civil rights. The radical Republicans' plan included the 50% plan which consisted of dividing the South into five military districts. Also, troops would remain in the South in order to keep order when it came to accepting not enforcing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Although all three plans called for an efficient way to integrate Southern culture into the Union, the radical Republicans' plan seemed more efficient and with better methods. The use of more severe punishment would help emphasize federal power. Also, they had good reasoning. They wanted to promote civil rights and provide the South with economic aid in order to keep blacks in the South. This way, competition for Northern labor jobs would be avoided. Finally, this would also provide for the expansion of a Republican Party in the South.
The Reconstruction would shape that nation in a way that would carry through for many years. Therefore, the implementation of a carefully and well thought-out plan was crucial. Lincoln, Johnson, and the radical Republicans all had their input on the nation's future.
Sunday, December 9, 2007
Dominican American National Roundtable 2007
Last weekend I attended the Dominican American National Roundtable in Miami, FL with my dad. Although my dad has been going annually for several years, I was never quite interested in attending. However, since I recently turned eighteen, I decided to get more involved in political affairs concerning my people. It is hard for a teenager like me save the world. Yet, I at least want to be aware of some of the issues affecting other people like myself. What I thought to be a conference full of old, rich Dominicans proved to be an experience filled with vibrant minds with creative ideas.
Upon arriving, I was welcomed with sunny weather and palm trees. Yet leisure was not the goal of this trip. Friday, the first night, we were introduced to several keynote speakers, including Dr. Rosa Perez-Perdomo. Born in the Dominican Republic, through hard work and education, she managed to become the secretary of the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Throughout her time there, she has advocated for the health care of minorities within Puerto Rico, particularly Dominican- Americans.
Dr. Perez-Perdomo lead a workshop concerning Dominican-American health care. She focused not only on the lack of health care, but on mental disorders, which are often ignored within the Dominican-American community due to their physical absence. I felt particularly touched by and involved in this discussion because I can relate to this issue.
The opening ceremony served to truly engage me in the conference, but also I felt touched upon attending a workshop about Dominican identity. In the workshop I learned about Dominican roots, composed of Africans, African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, as well as other minority groups still occupying the island. Now, when I say I'm Dominican, I can clearly define what that means.
To further explore Dominican culture, the DANR hosted Johnny Ventura, a legendary merengue composer and singer. He was the first to achieve fame outside the Dominican Republic. Johnny Ventura has been around since the 1960s, and continued to release hits through the '90s.
The DANR touched me in several ways. It addressed issues that truly affect myself as well as the people around me, and it exposed me to other Dominican-Americans. I was expecting to meet with old Dominicans. However, I was surprised to meet so many Dominican-Americans my age, in college as well as a few in high school. The DANR was the perfect mix of successful Dominican-Americans. Among the older people were high achieving politicians and businessmen. The younger, college crowd consisted of hard working college students making their way to success. In addition to encountering role models, I felt encouraged to continue working hard like the other Dominican-Americans I met.
Upon arriving, I was welcomed with sunny weather and palm trees. Yet leisure was not the goal of this trip. Friday, the first night, we were introduced to several keynote speakers, including Dr. Rosa Perez-Perdomo. Born in the Dominican Republic, through hard work and education, she managed to become the secretary of the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Throughout her time there, she has advocated for the health care of minorities within Puerto Rico, particularly Dominican- Americans.
Dr. Perez-Perdomo lead a workshop concerning Dominican-American health care. She focused not only on the lack of health care, but on mental disorders, which are often ignored within the Dominican-American community due to their physical absence. I felt particularly touched by and involved in this discussion because I can relate to this issue.
The opening ceremony served to truly engage me in the conference, but also I felt touched upon attending a workshop about Dominican identity. In the workshop I learned about Dominican roots, composed of Africans, African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, as well as other minority groups still occupying the island. Now, when I say I'm Dominican, I can clearly define what that means.
To further explore Dominican culture, the DANR hosted Johnny Ventura, a legendary merengue composer and singer. He was the first to achieve fame outside the Dominican Republic. Johnny Ventura has been around since the 1960s, and continued to release hits through the '90s.
The DANR touched me in several ways. It addressed issues that truly affect myself as well as the people around me, and it exposed me to other Dominican-Americans. I was expecting to meet with old Dominicans. However, I was surprised to meet so many Dominican-Americans my age, in college as well as a few in high school. The DANR was the perfect mix of successful Dominican-Americans. Among the older people were high achieving politicians and businessmen. The younger, college crowd consisted of hard working college students making their way to success. In addition to encountering role models, I felt encouraged to continue working hard like the other Dominican-Americans I met.
Sunday, December 2, 2007
Were the grassroots movements in the Age of Reform successful in achieving their goals?
From the Eve of the American Revolution until the civil war, America was ready for change. It was the first experience of a republican government, rather than a one man rule. With this idea, Americans were willing to take a lead in making social changes, an opportunity they were previously deprived of during British rule. The Second Great Awakening further empowered women to play a leading roles in these reform movements. Advances were made in regards to women's rights, abolition, and public education. However, these movements were unsuccessful at achieving their ideal goals. Instead, they merely paved the was for future events.
Prior to the Era of Reform, women were regarded simply as housewives with one goal- to raise responsible republican citizens. Through the ideals of the Second Great Awakening, individualism spread, and the era of reform resulted. Republican motherhood was replaced by the cult of domesticity, and women began to demand more respect from society as well as from their own families. This shift in attitude lead women to demand not only mere glorification, but legal rights and an actual voice in their own society. Little did they know, they would have to wait decades for significant progress.
Women set to advocate for their own rights with a can-do attitude in 1848. The Seneca Falls Convention was lead by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. There, the optimistic women created a list of expectations and demands, the "Declaration of Rights Sentiments." They were tired of being second-class citizens and wanted changes. In addition to calling for social equality, they felt the had a right to own property as well as to vote. Unfortunately, their second class citizenship status remained with them until the following century, when they were finally given the right to vote.
While women were read to rid themselves of their second-class citizenship status, slaves were calling to achieve citizenship. Harriet Tubman, a former slave, advocated for current slaves. With the creation of, The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, abolishment circles got emotional encouragement. Other leaders included Fredrick Douglass, who wore about his harsh enslaved conditions, and William Llloyd Garrison. Little was accomplished during the Age of Reform for the slaves, who were mainly occupied in the South. While the North's industry flourished with Eli Whitney's invention of interchangeable parts, Southern economy became more and more reliant on slave labor due to his ideas regarding the cotton gin. This era only serves to widen the gap between the North and the South. Eventually, it would take a war to abolish slavery.
While slave conditions remained the same, White America was making some progress within the field of public education. The idea of educating the "brats" gave way to the creation of a public school system. However, teacher were often poorly trained and paid. Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, called for improvement in these conditions. Nonetheless, with nearly one million illiterate citizens, education was still a luxury in America. In addition, education for the Blacks was forbidden.
The Era of Reform initiated several movements that would eventually lead to significant change. The grassroots movements were not successful at achieving their ideals at the moment. However, they got the movements off the ground and going.
Prior to the Era of Reform, women were regarded simply as housewives with one goal- to raise responsible republican citizens. Through the ideals of the Second Great Awakening, individualism spread, and the era of reform resulted. Republican motherhood was replaced by the cult of domesticity, and women began to demand more respect from society as well as from their own families. This shift in attitude lead women to demand not only mere glorification, but legal rights and an actual voice in their own society. Little did they know, they would have to wait decades for significant progress.
Women set to advocate for their own rights with a can-do attitude in 1848. The Seneca Falls Convention was lead by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. There, the optimistic women created a list of expectations and demands, the "Declaration of Rights Sentiments." They were tired of being second-class citizens and wanted changes. In addition to calling for social equality, they felt the had a right to own property as well as to vote. Unfortunately, their second class citizenship status remained with them until the following century, when they were finally given the right to vote.
While women were read to rid themselves of their second-class citizenship status, slaves were calling to achieve citizenship. Harriet Tubman, a former slave, advocated for current slaves. With the creation of, The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, abolishment circles got emotional encouragement. Other leaders included Fredrick Douglass, who wore about his harsh enslaved conditions, and William Llloyd Garrison. Little was accomplished during the Age of Reform for the slaves, who were mainly occupied in the South. While the North's industry flourished with Eli Whitney's invention of interchangeable parts, Southern economy became more and more reliant on slave labor due to his ideas regarding the cotton gin. This era only serves to widen the gap between the North and the South. Eventually, it would take a war to abolish slavery.
While slave conditions remained the same, White America was making some progress within the field of public education. The idea of educating the "brats" gave way to the creation of a public school system. However, teacher were often poorly trained and paid. Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, called for improvement in these conditions. Nonetheless, with nearly one million illiterate citizens, education was still a luxury in America. In addition, education for the Blacks was forbidden.
The Era of Reform initiated several movements that would eventually lead to significant change. The grassroots movements were not successful at achieving their ideals at the moment. However, they got the movements off the ground and going.
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